Browse All Haplogroups

Haplogroup A is the root of the entire human Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. All men alive today descend from the patrilineal ancestor who defines this haplogroup. The deepest bran…

BT is the ancestral haplogroup of all non-A lineages. It splits into haplogroup B (found mainly in African hunter-gatherer groups such as the Pygmies) and haplogroup CT, which even…

CT is the immediate ancestor of virtually all haplogroups found outside Africa, and also gave rise to most common lineages within Africa. It splits into three main branches: C (fou…

DE is the ancestor of haplogroups D and E. Haplogroup D is found mainly in East Asia (Japan, Tibet) and the Andaman Islands, while haplogroup E is the predominant Y-DNA lineage in …

Haplogroup D is one of the most geographically puzzling Y-DNA haplogroups. It is found at very high frequencies in Japan (35–40% as D-M55), Tibet (50% as D-M64), and the Andaman Is…

E is the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup in Africa, found in over 80% of sub-Saharan African men. It split into two major branches: E1b1a, which is the characteristic haplogroup of West,…

Haplogroup E1b1a is the dominant Y-DNA lineage of sub-Saharan Africa and is overwhelmingly associated with the Bantu expansion — one of the most dramatic demographic events in Afri…

E1b1b (defined by marker M215) is strongly associated with Afroasiatic-speaking populations across Northeast Africa, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the Near East, and has al…

CF is the immediate ancestor of haplogroups C and F. C spread along coastal routes toward South Asia, East Asia, Oceania, and the Americas, while F gave rise to virtually all major…

Haplogroup C is one of the oldest non-African haplogroups and is associated with some of the earliest out-of-Africa coastal migrations. Its branches span from South Asia (C-M356) t…

Haplogroup C1 (F3393) is one of the two primary branches of the ancient macro-haplogroup C. It represents one of the earliest successful human expansions out of Africa, following t…

Haplogroup C1a (CTS11043) is a remarkably diverse lineage that split over 40,000 years ago into two geographically isolated branches that followed very different paths. One branch,…

Haplogroup C1a1 (M8) is one of the most distinctive and ancient paternal lineages of Japan. It is widely regarded as a signature lineage of the Jomon people, the indigenous hunter-…

Haplogroup C1a2 (V20) is a rare relict lineage that represents one of the earliest waves of modern human expansion into Europe. During the Upper Paleolithic, C1a2 was one of the do…

Haplogroup C1b is the most populous and geographically widespread branch of C1. It represents the ancient paternal lineages of the first modern human inhabitants of South Asia, Sou…

Haplogroup C1b1 (AM00694) is an ancient paternal lineage that represents one of the earliest modern human settlements in South Asia and the Middle East. It is closely associated wi…

Haplogroup C1b2 (B477) is the primary paternal lineage associated with the settlement of Sahul (the prehistoric continent comprising Australia and New Guinea). Arising in Southeast…

Haplogroup C1b2a (M38) is a major paternal lineage found predominantly in the Pacific Islands. It reaches its highest frequencies in Melanesia (especially the Solomon Islands and F…

Haplogroup C1b2b (M347) is the dominant paternal lineage found among Indigenous Australians. It is found almost exclusively on the Australian continent and is estimated to have ori…

C2 (C-M217) is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup in Mongolia and among Turkic and Mongolic peoples of Central and Northeast Asia. It represents a massive expansion of paternal linea…

Haplogroup C2a (F1067) is the southern branch of C2, predominantly found in East Asia. It reaches its highest frequencies and diversity in China, Korea, and Japan, serving as one o…

Haplogroup C2a1 (C-M93) is the principal East Asian subclade of C2a and is found at low but consistent frequencies across China, Korea, and Japan. In Japan, C2a1 is particularly as…

Haplogroup C2b (L1373) is the primary northern branch of C2. It is the dominant lineage among Mongolic and Tungusic peoples and is widely distributed across Central Asia and Siberi…

Haplogroup C2b1 (C-F3789) is the major subclade of C2b and encompasses virtually all Mongolic, Tungusic, and North American indigenous C2 lineages. It splits into two principal bra…

Haplogroup C2b1a (C-M401) is the core Mongolic branch of C2b1 and the direct ancestor of the 'Star Cluster' (C2b1a1-F3918) associated with Genghis Khan and the Borjigin dynasty. C2…

Haplogroup C2b1a2 (C-Z22424) is the sister clade of the Star Cluster (C2b1a1) within C2b1a. It is found at low to moderate frequencies among Mongolian, Buryat, and Kazakh populatio…

Haplogroup C2b1b (C-Z1338) is the Tungusic-Siberian branch of C2b1, found at high frequencies among the Evenks, Nanai, Ulchi, Negidal, and Manchu peoples of Siberia and northeaster…

Haplogroup C2b1a1-F3918, famously known as the 'Star Cluster', is a specific paternal lineage that underwent an unprecedented expansion across Eurasia during the 13th century. It i…

C2b1a1a is the subclade of the Star Cluster most strongly associated with the Borjigin clan — the direct paternal lineage of Genghis Khan and his descendants. It is disproportionat…

C2b1a1b is the broadest subclade of the Star Cluster by geographic spread, found throughout the Mongolian Plateau and surrounding steppe regions. It corresponds to the non-Borjigin…

C2b1a1c is the subclade of the Star Cluster dispersed into Turkic-speaking populations through the administrative, military, and political structures of the Mongol Empire and its s…

C2a1a (P93) is the primary subclade of C2a1 and encompasses the vast majority of C2a1 carriers in East Asia. It diversified in the region during the late Paleolithic and Neolithic,…

C2a1a1 (M77) is the Korean and Manchurian branch of C2a1a, found at its highest frequencies among Koreans and Manchu-Tungusic populations of northeastern China. It was part of the …

C2a1a2 (M86) is a branch of C2a1a found primarily in northern Chinese populations and among Mongolian and Mongolian-adjacent groups of the Inner Mongolian plateau. Unlike its siste…

C2a1a3 (F1918) is a subclade of C2a1a distributed across East Asia, found in Chinese, Korean, and Southeast Asian populations. It is characterized by the F1918 SNP marker and repre…

Haplogroup C2a1a3a (F3796), also denoted C2*-ST (C2 paragroup of the Star Cluster), is a branch of C2a1a3 (F1918) found predominantly in Central Asian Turkic and Mongolian populati…

Haplogroup C2a1a3a1 (F5481) is the common paternal ancestor of the Abak and Ashamaily clans of the Kazakh Kerey tribe (Middle Zhuz). Based on Y-STR and whole Y-chromosome sequencin…

C2b-CTS4660 is a subclade of C2b1b (Z1338), the Tungusic-Siberian branch of C2b1. Defined by the CTS4660 marker, this lineage represents a further differentiation within the Tungus…

C2b-MF630546 is a subclade of C2b-CTS4660 within the Tungusic-Siberian C2b1b branch. The defining marker MF630546 is a GenBank-registered Y-chromosome sequence variant identified i…

C2b-MF653129 is a subclade of C2b-CTS4660 within the Tungusic-Siberian C2b1b branch, sister to C2b-MF630546. The MF653129 marker is a GenBank-registered Y-chromosome variant. This …

C2a1a3a1a (FT411734) is the defining paternal lineage of the Abak Kerey, one of the two primary clans of the Kazakh Kerey tribe (Middle Zhuz). The FT411734 marker was identified th…

C2a1a3a1b is an intermediate subclade of C2a1a3a1 (F5481), sister to C2a1a3a1a (FT224144). It defines a branch leading to C2a1a3a1b1 (FT411734) and represents a divergence within t…

C2a1a3a1b1 (FT224144) is the defining paternal lineage of the Ashamaily Kerey, one of the two primary clans of the Kazakh Kerey tribe (Middle Zhuz). Among Ashamaily men tested, 77.…

C1a2a (V182) is the main surviving subclade of C1a2 in Western and Southern Europe. It represents a relict lineage of the earliest anatomically modern humans to settle Europe durin…

C1b2a1 (M208) is the Polynesian and Micronesian branch of C1b2a, defined by the M208 marker. It reached its highest frequencies through the Austronesian expansion across the Pacifi…

C1b2b1 (M210) is a major subclade of C1b2b found among Aboriginal Australians. Defined by the M210 marker, it is distributed across northern and western Australia and represents on…

C2b1a2a (M77) is a subclade of C2b1a2 (M48) within the Mongolic C2b1a branch. It represents a further diversification of the non-Star-Cluster Mongolic C2b lineages, found among Mon…

C2b1a2a1 is an intermediate subclade of C2b1a2a (M77), leading toward C2b1a2a1b (F6379). It represents a further Bronze Age differentiation within the non-Star-Cluster Mongolic C2b…

C2b1a2a1b (F6379) is a terminal subclade of C2b1a2a within the broader C2b1a2 (M48) Mongolic branch. Defined by the F6379 marker, this lineage represents a fine-scale Iron Age diff…

Haplogroup F is the ancestor of the vast majority of men outside Africa. It gave rise to haplogroups G, H (Y-DNA), IJ (ancestral to I and J), and the enormous K macro-haplogroup wh…

Haplogroup G is strongly associated with Caucasian populations — particularly Georgians, Armenians, and Ossetes — and with Neolithic farmers who carried agriculture from Anatolia i…

Haplogroup G1 is the lesser-known of the two main G branches and is concentrated in Central Asia, particularly among the Hazara of Afghanistan (~30%) and several Iranian and Kazakh…

Haplogroup G2 — and especially its subclade G2a — is one of the defining genetic signatures of Neolithic farmers who spread agriculture from Anatolia into Europe beginning around 7…

Y-DNA haplogroup H (defined by marker M69) is found predominantly in South Asia, where it represents one of the oldest indigenous paternal lineages. It is particularly common among…

IJ is the ancestral haplogroup of both I and J. Haplogroup I is the predominant lineage of pre-Neolithic European hunter-gatherers and remains common across Northern and Southeaste…

Haplogroup I is the oldest major Y-DNA haplogroup in Europe, predating both Neolithic farmers (who arrived from Anatolia ~9,000 years ago) and Bronze Age steppe migrants (who arriv…

I1 is the characteristic Y-DNA haplogroup of Scandinavians and Northern Europeans, found at its highest frequencies in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, and Finland. Despite the ha…

Haplogroup I2 is the dominant paternal lineage in the Balkans and is common across Eastern Europe. It is most frequent in Bosnia (71%), Croatia (38%), and Serbia (35%), and is foun…

Haplogroup J is the common ancestor of J1 and J2, two major lineages strongly associated with the Near East, Arabian Peninsula, and Mediterranean. J1 is particularly dominant among…

J1 is the most common Y-DNA haplogroup in the Arabian Peninsula and among Arab populations worldwide. The dominant subclade J1-P58 likely expanded significantly with the spread of …

J2 is a Y-DNA haplogroup strongly associated with the Neolithic spread of agriculture from the Fertile Crescent into Europe, the Caucasus, and South Asia. It is found at high frequ…

Haplogroup K is a massive macro-haplogroup that encompasses the majority of all Y-DNA lineages in Eurasia, the Americas, Oceania, and parts of Africa. Its descendant branches inclu…

Haplogroup LT (L298/P326), also known as K1, is a major paternal lineage that serves as the immediate ancestor to haplogroups L and T. While the lineage itself is ancient and arose…

Haplogroup L is a significant paternal lineage primarily found in South Asia, West Asia, and to a lesser extent, the Middle East and Europe. It is strongly associated with the earl…

Haplogroup T is a paternal lineage that, while globally rare, exhibits a unique and patchy distribution with high-frequency hotspots in East Africa, the Middle East, and parts of S…

NO is the ancestral haplogroup of both N and O. Haplogroup O is the dominant lineage across East Asia and Southeast Asia, carried by the majority of Han Chinese, Japanese, Korean, …

Haplogroup N originated in Southeast Asia or South China and spread northward through Siberia, eventually reaching Northern Europe. It is defined by the M231 marker. The major subc…

N1 is the major subclade of N that spread into Siberia and Northern Europe. It is divided into N1a (found in East Asia and among some Siberian groups) and N1c (the dominant Uralic-…

N1c (now classified as N-L392) is the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup among Uralic-speaking peoples, including Finns, Estonians, Sami, and many Siberian groups. It spread westward from S…

Haplogroup N1a (M128) is a major subclade of N1 found across Siberia, Central Asia, and East Asia. It split into N1a1 (the large Uralic and Siberian branch) and other subclades. N1…

Haplogroup N1a1 (L1026) is the primary subclade of N1a, encompassing virtually all the major N lineages found in Northern Europe and Western Siberia. Defined by the L1026 marker, i…

Haplogroup N1a1a (Z1936) is the dominant Y-DNA lineage of Uralic-speaking peoples and one of the most frequent haplogroups in Northern Europe. It is found at very high frequencies …

Haplogroup N1a2b (P43) is a major Siberian subclade of N1a, found at high frequencies among the Yakuts (~85%), Evenks, Buryats, Nganasans, Dolgans, and some Mongolian groups. It wa…

Haplogroup O is the overwhelmingly dominant Y-DNA haplogroup in East and Southeast Asia, accounting for 60–80% of men in China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and the P…

Haplogroup O1 is the defining paternal lineage of the Austronesian expansion, one of the most geographically sweeping demographic events in human prehistory. O1 — specifically its …

Haplogroup O2 is by far the most common Y-DNA haplogroup in East Asia, dominant among Han Chinese (~55%), Koreans (~55%), Japanese (~38%), and Vietnamese (~55%). Its expansion is c…

Haplogroup O2a (M95) is the primary subclade of O2 associated with Austroasiatic-speaking populations of Southeast Asia and South Asia. It is found at high frequencies among Mon-Kh…

Haplogroup O2a2 (M7) is a subclade of O2a found primarily in mainland Southeast Asia and southern China. It is particularly associated with Austroasiatic and Tai-Kadai-speaking pop…

Haplogroup O2a2b (M88) is a subclade of O2a2 concentrated in southern and central China and mainland Southeast Asia. It is one of the branches of O2a that expanded with early agric…

Haplogroup O2a2b1 (M134) is a major subclade of O2a2b found at high frequencies among Han Chinese, Tibetans, and several other Sino-Tibetan-speaking populations. Its M134 marker de…

O-Y22112 is a basal subclade of haplogroup O (M175), defined by the Y22112 marker identified through population genomic studies. It represents an early-diverging branch within the …

Haplogroup P is the immediate ancestor of Q and R, two of the most widespread and consequential Y-DNA haplogroups in human history. Q is associated with the peopling of the America…

Haplogroup Q is the patrilineal haplogroup of almost all indigenous peoples of the Americas. It originated in Central or North Asia and migrated across the Bering land bridge appro…

Haplogroup Q1 is the subclade of Q that contains virtually all Native American patrilineal lineages. Q1a-M3, the principal American subclade, was carried by the founding population…

Haplogroup R is the parent of R1 (which contains R1a and R1b, dominant across Europe and South Asia) and R2 (found mainly in South Asia and Central Asia). R likely originated in Ce…

Haplogroup R2 is the South Asian sister clade of R1, found predominantly in the Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. Unlike R1a and R1b — which spread dramatically w…

R1 is the parent clade of R1a and R1b — the two most widespread Y-DNA haplogroups in Europe and South Asia. R1 likely originated in Central Asia during the last glacial maximum and…

R1a is one of the most widespread Y-DNA haplogroups in Eurasia, found at high frequencies across South Asia, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe. It is strongly associated with the ex…

Haplogroup R1a1 (SRY10831.2, also known as M516) is the principal and almost universal subclade of R1a. Virtually all modern R1a men belong to R1a1, making it functionally synonymo…

R1a-M417 is the most critical bottleneck and expansion node in the history of haplogroup R1a. Nearly all living carriers of R1a belong to this subclade, which arose approximately 5…

R1a-Z282 is the dominant paternal lineage of Central and Eastern Europe. It emerged within the Corded Ware culture and represents the western expansion of the R1a-M417 node. This m…

R1a-Z93 is the predominant Asian branch of R1a and the key genetic marker of the Indo-Iranian expansion. Arising in the steppe regions of Southern Russia and Kazakhstan, its carrie…

R1b is the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe, reaching frequencies above 80% in Ireland, Wales, and parts of Spain. It arrived in Western Europe with the Bronze…

R1b-M269 is the most common Y-DNA lineage in Europe, particularly in the West. It is the defining marker for the massive expansion of Indo-European speakers during the Bronze Age. …

R1b-L23 is the primary lineage found in the ancient Yamnaya culture remains. It represents the first major expansion of R1b across the Eurasian steppe. From this node, the lineage …

R1b-L51 is the immediate ancestor of the primary Western European paternal lineages. While its parent L23 was dominant in the Pontic steppe, L51 represents the branch that migrated…

R1b-L11 is one of the most significant phylogenetic nodes in European history. It is the immediate ancestor of both the P312 (Italo-Celtic-Iberian) and U106 (Germanic) branches, wh…

R1b-P312 (also known as R1b-S116) is the dominant paternal lineage of Western and Southern Europe and the direct ancestor of the Atlantic Celtic, Italo-Celtic, and Iberian branches…

R1b-DF13 is an intermediate node between P312 and the Atlantic Celtic subclades, most notably L21. It encompasses the core of the Atlantic Bell Beaker paternal ancestry that spread…

R1b-DF19 is a minor P312 subclade found at low but geographically consistent frequencies across Northwestern and Central Europe, with somewhat elevated presence in the Low Countrie…

R1b-U106 is the primary Germanic branch of haplogroup R1b. It is found at high frequencies in the Netherlands, Northern Germany, Denmark, and England. While its sister branch P312 …

R1b-U152 is a major paternal lineage found predominantly in Central and Southern Europe. It is strongly associated with the Hallstatt and La Tène Celtic cultures, as well as the an…

R1b-DF27 is the primary paternal lineage of the Iberian Peninsula. It arose within the Bell Beaker population and underwent a massive expansion in Iberia approximately 4,500 years …

R1b-L21 is the signature paternal lineage of the Atlantic Celtic world. It is found at its highest frequencies in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, and Cornwall. This marker spre…

R1b-M222 is a remarkable subclade of L21 that originated in northwest Ireland and underwent an explosive expansion in the Early Medieval period, most likely associated with the dyn…

R1b-Z156 is the larger of the two main U106 subclades and is particularly concentrated in Northern Germany, Denmark, and England, where it represents a key Germanic lineage. Its di…

R1b-Z2103 is the eastern branch of R1b-L23, the sister clade of L51 that gave rise to Western European R1b. While L51 moved westward into Europe, Z2103 remained predominantly in th…

R1b-V88 is the oldest and most diverged branch of R1b, representing a deep split from the European and Asian R1b lineages that took place during or before the Green Sahara period (…

R1b-M73 is an ancient Central Asian branch of R1b that diverged long before the Yamnaya-associated M269 expansion. It is found at elevated frequencies among the Bashkirs of the sou…

Haplogroup L is the root macrohaplogroup of all human mitochondrial DNA. Every living person traces their maternal line back to the L ancestor — mitochondrial Eve — who lived in su…

Mitochondrial haplogroup L0 is the oldest and most deeply diverged branch of the human mitochondrial tree, making it the most ancient surviving maternal lineage in our species. L0 …

Mitochondrial haplogroup L1 is a deeply rooted African lineage found primarily in West and Central Africa, with elevated frequencies among Central African Pygmy populations. L1 is …

Mitochondrial haplogroup L2 is one of the most widely distributed and abundant African maternal haplogroups, found throughout West, Central, East, and South Africa. It is particula…

Mitochondrial haplogroup L3 is one of the most important in human prehistory: it is the direct ancestor of haplogroups M and N, which together gave rise to virtually all non-Africa…

Mitochondrial haplogroup M (not to be confused with Y-DNA haplogroup M) is one of the two daughters of L3 — alongside N — that gave rise to all non-African maternal lineages. M is …

Haplogroup M1 is a remarkable subclade of M that undertook a back-migration from Asia into Northeast Africa and the Near East, making it the only M-derived lineage found at signifi…

Haplogroup M2 is one of the major South Asian M-derived lineages, found across the Indian subcontinent with particular concentration in tribal and lower-caste populations of India …

Mitochondrial haplogroup C is a subclade of M that spread from an origin in Siberia or Central Asia and became one of the dominant maternal lineages across northern Eurasia and the…

Mitochondrial haplogroup Z is a rare M-derived lineage with a curious disjunct distribution spanning Northeast Asia — particularly Korea, Manchuria, and Siberia — and, surprisingly…

Haplogroup Z1 is a subclade of Z, itself a rare M-derived haplogroup distributed across Siberia, East Asia, and some European populations. Z1 is found in populations of Siberia, Ko…

Mitochondrial haplogroup D is one of the most widespread and diverse M-derived lineages in East Asia and northeastern Siberia, and one of the five founding maternal haplogroups of …

Mitochondrial haplogroup G is an M-derived lineage concentrated in Northeast Asia, particularly among Japanese, Mongolian, Korean, Manchu, and Tibetan populations. It is rare outsi…

Haplogroup G2 is the more common of the two main G subclades, found prominently in Japan, Korea, China, and Tibetan populations. G2a is particularly associated with Japan, where it…

Mitochondrial haplogroup N (not to be confused with Y-DNA haplogroup N) is one of the two major out-of-Africa maternal lineages, alongside M. From N descended haplogroup R (which g…

Haplogroup N1 (mtDNA) is a subclade of N that includes some important Near Eastern and European lineages. N1 contains N1b, which is one of the four founding Ashkenazi Jewish mtDNA …

Haplogroup N9 is a subclade of N found predominantly in East Asia and Southeast Asia, particularly in Japan, Korea, and China. N9 contains N9a, which is found in significant propor…

Mitochondrial haplogroup A is an N-derived lineage found across East Asia, Siberia, and the Americas. It is one of the five founding maternal haplogroups carried by the first human…

Haplogroup A2 (mtDNA) is the dominant Native American subclade of haplogroup A, one of the four founding mitochondrial lineages of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas (along wit…

Mitochondrial haplogroup X is one of the rarest and most enigmatic of the founding lineages found in the Americas. X2 — the dominant subclade — shows a puzzling trans-oceanic distr…

Haplogroup X2 is the major subclade of the rare and enigmatic mtDNA haplogroup X. X2 is found across a uniquely wide geographic range: it is present in the Near East, North Africa,…

Mitochondrial haplogroup W is a relatively rare N-derived lineage found at low frequencies across West Eurasia, with a notable concentration in South Asia and Finland. W is thought…

Haplogroup W1 is the most common subclade of W, a rare N-derived haplogroup found across Europe, the Near East, and South Asia. W1 has an easterly distribution compared to the over…

Mitochondrial haplogroup I is a minor N-derived lineage found at low frequency throughout Europe, the Caucasus, and the Near East. In Europe, I typically comprises 1–3% of maternal…

Haplogroup I1 (mtDNA) is a subclade of haplogroup I, found mainly in the Near East, Caucasus, and Europe. I1 is among the most common I subclades in European populations and has be…

Haplogroup I2 (mtDNA) is a subclade of haplogroup I with a distribution oriented more towards South and Central Asia compared to I1. I2 is found in populations of Iran, Pakistan, I…

Mitochondrial haplogroup R (distinct from Y-DNA R) is a major branch of N that gave rise to the most common European maternal lineages. Its descendants include H and V (via HV), J …

Haplogroup R0 is a major subclade of R that gave rise to HV — the common ancestor of H and V, two of the most important European mtDNA haplogroups. R0 is itself found predominantly…

Mitochondrial haplogroup B is an R-derived lineage widespread across East Asia, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Americas. B4 is the dominant subclade in East Asia and …

Mitochondrial haplogroup F is an R-derived lineage concentrated in East and Southeast Asia, with highest frequencies in Vietnam, southern China, and among some Tibetan populations.…

Haplogroup F1 is the most common subclade of F, broadly distributed across Southeast Asia, southern China, and Taiwan. F1 contains several sub-branches adapted to different Southea…

Mitochondrial haplogroup HV is the common ancestor of H and V, the two most frequent maternal haplogroups in Europe. H alone accounts for ~40–50% of European women. HV itself (in i…

Mitochondrial haplogroup H is by far the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Europe, accounting for roughly 40–50% of European maternal lineages. It likely originated in the Near East …

Mitochondrial haplogroup V is a sister clade of H under HV, likely originating in the Iberian Peninsula during or shortly after the Last Glacial Maximum (~18,000 BCE). It expanded …

Haplogroup V1 is a subclade of V, itself one of the most characteristic Western European Paleolithic maternal lineages. V1 has a distribution similar to its parent V, found primari…

JT is the ancestral haplogroup of mitochondrial haplogroups J and T, two of the most common maternal lineages in Europe and the Near East. Both J and T were carried into Europe pri…

Mitochondrial haplogroup J, often referred to as 'Jasmine' in popular literature, is one of the most significant maternal lineages in Western Eurasia. It is historically famous for…

Mitochondrial haplogroup T, commonly known as 'Tara' in popular genetic genealogy, is a major maternal lineage found throughout Europe, the Near East, and parts of Central Asia. Al…

Mitochondrial haplogroup U is one of the oldest mtDNA haplogroups in Europe and the Near East, and contains several historically important subclades. U5 is considered the most anci…

Haplogroup U1 is a subclade of U found primarily in South Asia, the Near East, and parts of East Africa. It is relatively rare in Europe. U1 is one of the oldest surviving lineages…

Mitochondrial haplogroup U5 is the oldest surviving maternal lineage in Europe, predating the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic agricultural expansion. It was carried by the f…

Haplogroup U5a is a major subclade of U5, found primarily in Eastern Europe and among populations of the Eurasian Steppe and Uralic-speaking peoples. U5a is associated with Mesolit…

Haplogroup U5b is a major subclade of U5 associated with the Western European Paleolithic and Mesolithic populations. Unlike U5a, which is more strongly associated with Eastern Eur…

Mitochondrial haplogroup K is a subclade of U8 found commonly across Europe, the Near East, and notably among Ashkenazi Jews (~32%). Three specific K subclades — K1a1b1a, K1a9, and…

Haplogroup K1 is the major subclade of K, containing the vast majority of K-bearing modern humans. K is itself a subclade of U8, which belongs to the ancient haplogroup U. K1 is fo…

Haplogroup K1a is the most common and diverse subclade of K1, containing dozens of subclades and found across Europe, the Near East, and North Africa. K1a is particularly associate…

Haplogroup K1a4 is one of the major subclades of K1a, itself the most common K subclade. K1a4 includes K1a4a1, which is one of the four major founding mtDNA haplogroups of the Ashk…

Haplogroup H1 is the most common subclade of mtDNA H in Europe, comprising roughly 6–9% of all European women. It is especially dominant in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain, Portugal),…

Haplogroup H1a is a subclade of H1, itself the most common subclade of the dominant European mtDNA haplogroup H. H1a is found throughout Western Europe with particular concentratio…

Haplogroup H1b is a subclade of H1 with a distribution shifted towards Eastern Europe and the Eurasian Steppe compared to other H1 subclades. It is found in populations of Russia, …

Haplogroup H2 is a subclade of mtDNA H2 with a distribution centred on Eastern Europe and the Near East. It reaches notable frequencies in the Caucasus, Turkey, and Iran, and is pr…

Haplogroup H3 is the second most common H subclade in Western Europe after H1, with its highest frequencies in the Iberian Peninsula and Sardinia. Like H1, it expanded dramatically…

Haplogroup H3a is a subclade of H3, itself a major Western European mtDNA haplogroup. H3 and its subclades are found at highest frequencies in Western Europe, especially in the Ibe…

Haplogroup H4 is a minor subclade of H found at low frequencies across Europe and the Near East. It is most notable for its presence in the Basque Country and among populations of …

Haplogroup H5 is a subclade of mtDNA H with its core distribution in the Balkans, Near East, and Mediterranean. It is present at moderate frequencies in Greece, Turkey, and the Cau…

Haplogroup H6 is an H subclade with a distinctly eastern distribution compared to H1 and H3, found predominantly in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. It reaches notab…

Haplogroup H7 is an H subclade with its highest frequencies in the Near East and South Asia, particularly in the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, and the Indian subcontinent. It extends in…

Haplogroup H8 is a rare subclade of H distributed primarily in Eastern Europe and the Near East. It has been found in populations of Ukraine, Russia, and parts of the Middle East. …

Haplogroup H10 is a rare subclade of H found predominantly in Anatolia, the Caucasus, and parts of the Middle East. It has also been detected at low frequencies in Southern Europe,…

Haplogroup H11 is a rare subclade of H found at low frequencies in Central and Western Europe. It has been detected in populations of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and the British…

Haplogroup H13 is an H subclade concentrated in the Caucasus, Near East, and Arabian Peninsula. It reaches its highest frequencies among Georgian, Armenian, and other South Caucasi…

Haplogroup J1 (mtDNA) is the more widespread of the two J subclades, found throughout Europe, the Near East, and Central Asia. J1c is the most common sub-branch, dominant in Europe…

Haplogroup J1b is a subclade of J1 found primarily in the Near East and at significant frequencies in the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, and East Africa. It is part of the broader …

Haplogroup J1c (also historically called 'Jasmine' in Bryan Sykes's Seven Daughters of Eve framework) is the most common subclade of J1 in Europe and one of the primary mtDNA linea…

Haplogroup J1c2 is one of the most common sub-branches of J1c, itself the most common J subclade in Europe. J1c2 is found across Europe, the Near East, and North Africa, with highe…

Haplogroup J2 (mtDNA) is the less common of the two J subclades, predominantly distributed in the Arabian Peninsula, Levant, and East Africa. It reaches its highest frequencies in …

Haplogroup J2a is a subclade of the mtDNA J2 haplogroup, found primarily in the Near East and Caucasus. Unlike the more widespread J1c, J2a has a more restricted distribution and i…

Haplogroup J2b is a rare subclade of mtDNA J2, with a distribution centered in the Near East and Mediterranean regions. It is most common in populations of the Levant, Turkey, and …

Haplogroup T1 is one of the two primary subclades of mtDNA haplogroup T, concentrated in the Near East, East Africa, and parts of Europe. It is particularly common in the Levant, A…

Haplogroup T1a is a subclade of T1, one of the two main branches of mtDNA haplogroup T. T1a is found throughout the Near East, East Africa, and at lower frequencies across Europe. …

Haplogroup T2 is the more widespread European subclade of mtDNA haplogroup T, found throughout Europe, the Near East, and Central Asia. It expanded into Europe with the Neolithic f…

Haplogroup T2b is the most common subclade of T2 in Europe and one of the defining maternal lineages of the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture — the first Neolithic farming culture of…

Haplogroup T2c is a subclade of T2 distributed across Europe and the Near East. Like other T2 subclades, it was part of the Neolithic package carried by Anatolian farmers expanding…

Haplogroup T2e is a subclade of T2 found predominantly in Eastern Europe, Russia, and among populations of the Caucasus and Central Asia. It is less common in Western Europe than T…

Haplogroup D4 is the most diverse and widespread subclade of mtDNA haplogroup D, accounting for the majority of D lineages in East Asia and Siberia. It is broadly distributed acros…

Haplogroup D4h is a rare but scientifically critical subclade of D4. While D4 is mainly an East Asian haplogroup, D4h3a is found exclusively in Native American populations along th…

Haplogroup D5 is a subclade of mtDNA D concentrated in Southeast Asia and southern China, with notable frequencies in Vietnamese, Thai, and various Austroasiatic and Tai-Kadai popu…

Haplogroup D1 (mtDNA) is one of the four founding Native American mitochondrial haplogroups (along with A2, B2, and C1), carried by the initial migration of people across the Berin…

Haplogroup C1 (mtDNA) is the dominant subclade of haplogroup C in the Americas, making it one of the five founding Native American maternal lineages. C1 entered the Americas via Be…

Haplogroup C1b is one of the three major Native American-specific subclades of C1 (alongside C1c and C1d), found exclusively in the Americas. C1b is widely distributed from North A…

Haplogroup C1c is one of the exclusive Native American subclades of C1, found predominantly in South America. Unlike C1b which has a broad North-South American distribution, C1c ap…

Haplogroup C1d is one of the exclusive Native American subclades of C1, found primarily in North America. C1d has a more restricted distribution compared to C1b, with elevated freq…

Haplogroup C4 (mtDNA) is a subclade of haplogroup C distributed primarily in South Siberia, Central Asia, and Mongolia. It is found at moderate frequencies in Altaic, Tuvan, Buryat…

Haplogroup C5 (mtDNA) is a subclade of haplogroup C found primarily in South Asia and Central Asia, particularly in Pakistan, northwestern India, and Afghanistan. It is also presen…

Haplogroup B4 is the most common and diverse subclade of mtDNA haplogroup B, broadly distributed across East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific islands. It contains the sub-bran…

Haplogroup B4a is a subclade of B4 and the direct ancestor of B4a1a, the 'Polynesian motif' — the defining mtDNA marker of Polynesian populations. B4a is found among Austronesian-s…

Haplogroup B5 is a subclade of mtDNA haplogroup B found predominantly in East Asia, particularly in China, Japan, and Southeast Asia. It is less common than B4 and shows a more res…

Haplogroup M7 is a major subclade of mtDNA haplogroup M, distributed predominantly in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific. It is particularly common in Japan, southern China…

Haplogroup M8 is a subclade of mtDNA haplogroup M found in East and North Asia. It includes the sub-branch C (as in the C+Z clade traditionally paired together in East Asian phylog…

Haplogroup E (mtDNA) is a subclade of macro-haplogroup M found almost exclusively in Southeast Asia, particularly the Philippines, Indonesia, and the Pacific islands. It is among t…

Haplogroup U2 is an ancient subclade of mtDNA haplogroup U, with its highest frequencies in South Asia, particularly in India, Pakistan, and among Roma (Romani) populations of Euro…

Haplogroup U3 is a subclade of mtDNA haplogroup U found primarily in the Near East, Caucasus, Eastern Europe, and among Roma populations. It reaches notable frequencies in the Cauc…

Haplogroup U4 is a subclade of mtDNA haplogroup U found primarily in Eastern Europe, Russia, and Siberia. It reaches its highest frequencies in the Volga-Ural region and among vari…

Haplogroup U4a is a subclade of U4 found predominantly in populations of the Ural region, Eastern Europe, and Siberia. It is particularly associated with Uralic-speaking peoples su…

Haplogroup U6 is the major Eurasian-derived mtDNA lineage in North Africa, concentrated in the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya) and Saharan region. It is thought to repre…

Haplogroup U6a is the most common subclade of U6, the major North African U lineage. U6a is found predominantly among Berber populations of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and the Canar…

Haplogroup U8 is an ancient subclade of mtDNA haplogroup U that includes the well-known European hunter-gatherer lineage K (formally U8b1a1a), along with less common U8a and U8b su…

Haplogroup Y (mtDNA) is a rare subclade of macro-haplogroup N found primarily in Southeast Asia, South China, and among some Siberian indigenous peoples. It is notably common in po…

Haplogroup S (mtDNA) is a subclade of macro-haplogroup N found primarily in Australia, New Guinea, and Melanesia. It is one of the ancient founding mtDNA lineages of the Australian…

Haplogroup P (mtDNA) is a subclade of macro-haplogroup R concentrated in New Guinea, Melanesia, and Australia. It is one of the most characteristic maternal lineages of Papuan peop…

Haplogroup L0a is a subclade of L0, one of the earliest-branching lineages in the human mtDNA tree. L0a is distributed primarily in East Africa, particularly in Ethiopia, Kenya, Ta…

Haplogroup L0d is one of the most ancient surviving mtDNA lineages on Earth, found almost exclusively among the Khoisan peoples of Southern Africa — the San (Bushmen) and Khoekhoe …

Haplogroup L0f is one of the deep branches of L0, the oldest macrohaplogroup in the human mtDNA tree. L0f is found in Tanzania and Mozambique among Khoisan-related populations and …

Haplogroup L1a is a subclade of L1 predominantly found in East and Central Africa. L1a is characteristic of several East African hunter-gatherer and pastoralist populations, includ…

Haplogroup L1b is a subclade of L1 distributed primarily in West Africa and West Central Africa, particularly in populations from Senegal, Guinea, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Gabon. It …

Haplogroup L1c is a subclade of L1 characteristic of Central African populations, particularly associated with Bantu and pre-Bantu Central African peoples of the Congo Basin and su…

Haplogroup L2a is the most common subclade of haplogroup L2 and one of the most abundant mtDNA lineages in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in West and Central Africa. It is the sing…

Haplogroup L2a1 is the most common and widely distributed subclade of L2a, itself the most common branch of L2. L2a1 is found across sub-Saharan Africa, with particular concentrati…

Haplogroup L2b is a subclade of L2, primarily found in West and Central Africa. It is part of the broad L2 clade that represents the most common branch of the African macrohaplogro…

Haplogroup L2c is a subclade of L2 found primarily in West Africa, particularly in the Guinea Coast and Senegambian regions. It is part of the Western African L2 diversity that was…

Haplogroup L3a is a subclade of L3 that remained in Africa while the better-known L3-derived lineages (M and N) expanded out of Africa. L3a is found predominantly in East Africa, p…

Haplogroup L3b is a subclade of L3, the African haplogroup that gave rise to all non-African mtDNA through the Out of Africa migration. L3b itself, however, remained in Africa and …

Haplogroup L3d is a subclade of L3 found primarily in West and Central Africa. L3d and its subclades are particularly common in Nigeria, Cameroon, and the Congo Basin. It is also f…

Haplogroup L3e is a major subclade of L3 and one of the most common L3 branches in sub-Saharan Africa. L3e is found at high frequencies across a broad swath of Africa from West Afr…

Haplogroup L3f is a widely distributed subclade of L3 found across sub-Saharan Africa, from East Africa through Central Africa to West Africa. Unlike L3b and L3d which are more Wes…

Haplogroup D1 (CTS11577) is the principal surviving branch of Y-DNA haplogroup D, encompassing both the Tibetan/Himalayan lineage (D1a) and the Japanese Jomon lineage (D1b). D1 div…

Haplogroup D1a (Z27276) is the dominant Y-DNA lineage of the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding Himalayan regions, found at very high frequencies among Tibetans, Bhutanese, Sherpa, an…

Haplogroup D1b (M55), formerly classified as D2, is the defining Y-chromosome lineage of the ancient Jomon people of Japan — the pre-agricultural hunter-gatherers who inhabited the…

Haplogroup E1b1a1 (M180) is the dominant subclade of E1b1a and the most common Y-DNA haplogroup in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in West and Central Africa. It is the defining p…

Haplogroup E1b1b1 (M35) is the most widespread subclade of E1b1b, encompassing the majority of E-lineage carriers in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Near East, and Mediterran…

Haplogroup E1b1b1a (M78) is the most widespread subclade of E1b1b1, found at high frequencies across Northeast Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Mediterranean Europe. It reaches its …

Haplogroup E1b1b1b (V243) is a subclade of E1b1b1 found predominantly in the Arabian Peninsula, Yemen, and parts of East Africa. It represents a lineage that crossed the Red Sea or…

Haplogroup E1b1b1c (M123) is a subclade of E1b1b1 found predominantly in the Near East, especially the Levant and Arabian Peninsula, as well as in the Horn of Africa and among Ethi…

Haplogroup G2a (P15) is by far the most important subclade of haplogroup G and the defining Y-DNA lineage of Neolithic farmers who brought agriculture from Anatolia to Europe appro…

Haplogroup G2a2 (L30) is a major subclade of G2a that includes the famous Ötzi the Iceman and is widespread in the Caucasus and Mediterranean. G2a2b (the Ötzi subclade) was dominan…

Haplogroup G2b (M377) is a rare subclade of G2 found primarily in the Near East, Jewish populations, and parts of Central and South Asia. It is considerably less common than G2a an…

Haplogroup I1a (DF29) is the dominant subclade of I1 and the primary Scandinavian Y-DNA lineage, representing the majority of I1 carriers in Northern and Western Europe. DF29 is es…

Haplogroup I2a (L460) is the major subclade of I2, split into two primary branches: I2a1 (M26), a Western European isolate concentrated in Sardinia, and I2a2 (M436), a widespread W…

Haplogroup I2a1 (M26) is the defining Y-DNA lineage of Sardinia, where it reaches frequencies of 35–42% — the highest in the world. Outside Sardinia, it is found at low levels in t…

Haplogroup I2a2 (M436) is a subclade of I2a found primarily in Central and Western Europe, with highest frequencies in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Britain. Also known as…

Haplogroup I2b (M223) is a subclade of I2 found primarily in Western and Central Europe, with notable frequencies in Germany, England, Scandinavia, and the Netherlands. It is disti…

Haplogroup J1b (P58) is the dominant subclade of J1, accounting for the vast majority of J1 carriers in the Near East and accounting for the 'Arabian J1' lineage. It is extremely c…

Haplogroup J2a (M410) is the dominant subclade of J2, broadly distributed across the Mediterranean, Near East, Caucasus, and South Asia. It is particularly common in Turkey, Iran, …

Haplogroup J2a1 (L26) is the principal subclade of J2a and arguably the most widespread and diverse J2 branch, containing dozens of sub-branches found across the Near East, Caucasu…

Haplogroup J2b (M102) is a major subclade of J2 found primarily in the Balkans, South Asia, and the Near East. It reaches its highest modern frequencies in the Balkans (especially …

Haplogroup J2b2 (M241) is a subclade of J2b found primarily in Southeast Europe, particularly in the Balkans and Italy, as well as in some Near Eastern and South Asian populations.…

Haplogroup N1c1 (M46), also known as N-Tat after the Tat marker, is one of the most important Y-DNA haplogroups in Northern Eurasia, associated with Uralic-speaking peoples and Sib…

Haplogroup N1c1a (VL29) is the primary European subclade of N1c1, the so-called 'Baltic N' lineage concentrated in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and northwestern Russia. It represent…

Haplogroup Q1a (F746) is the major subclade of Q1 and the primary Y-DNA lineage of Native Americans as well as some Central and South Asian populations. Q1a encompasses the Q1a3 (L…

Haplogroup Q1b (M346) is a subclade of Q1 found primarily in Central Asia and South Asia, particularly in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and northwestern India, as well as among some Centr…

Haplogroup T1 (L206) is the primary subclade of Y-DNA haplogroup T and the source of virtually all modern T lineages. T1 is found across a broad geographic range including the Near…

Haplogroup T1a (M70) is the dominant subclade of T1 and contains the majority of global T-lineage carriers. It is distributed across the Near East, East Africa (especially the Horn…

Haplogroup H1 (M69) is the dominant subclade of Y-DNA haplogroup H and the defining paternal lineage of many Dravidian-speaking populations of South India. H1 is found at its highe…

Mitochondrial haplogroup M3 is a South Asian-specific branch of the M macrohaplogroup, found primarily in the Indian subcontinent. It is one of several M-derived lineages that aros…

Mitochondrial haplogroup M5 is a South Asian branch of M found at notable frequencies among scheduled castes and Romani (Roma) populations. In India, M5 is found primarily among Da…

Mitochondrial haplogroup M7a is a Japan-specific subclade of M7 that represents one of the primary Jōmon-derived maternal lineages in modern Japanese people. Found at frequencies o…

Mitochondrial haplogroup M7b is a widespread East and Southeast Asian branch of M7, distributed across southern China, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific. Unlike the Japan-specific M7…

Mitochondrial haplogroup HV1 is a Near Eastern and Mediterranean branch of the HV clade, found at notable frequencies in the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, and the Mediterranean ba…

Mitochondrial haplogroup HV2 is an East African and Near Eastern branch of HV, representing one of the oldest lineages of the HV clade. HV2 is found at moderate frequencies in Ethi…

Mitochondrial haplogroup K1b is a Near Eastern and European subclade of K1, found at low to moderate frequencies across the Near East, Caucasus, and Europe. K1b likely originated i…

Mitochondrial haplogroup K2 is the second major subclade of K, alongside K1. While K1 dominates the European representation of haplogroup K, K2 has a more limited distribution focu…

Mitochondrial haplogroup T2a is one of the major subclades of T2, broadly distributed across Europe and the Near East as part of the Neolithic farmer expansion from Anatolia. T2a i…

Mitochondrial haplogroup T2d is a Near Eastern subclade of T2 found predominantly in the Levant, Arabian Peninsula, and eastern Mediterranean region. T2d has a more restricted dist…

Mitochondrial haplogroup U2e is a European and Central Asian subclade of U2 with a notable association with ancient steppe populations. Unlike the South Asian U2a and U2b subclades…

Mitochondrial haplogroup U7 is a Near Eastern and South Asian branch of U found across a broad arc from the Arabian Peninsula through Iran and Pakistan to northern India. U7 is fou…

Mitochondrial haplogroup B2 is one of the five founding Native American mtDNA haplogroups (A, B, C, D, X) and is derived from the pan-Asian haplogroup B4a. B2 is found throughout t…

Mitochondrial haplogroup C2 is a Siberian and Northeast Asian subclade of haplogroup C, with a distribution spanning Siberia, northern Central Asia, and the Arctic. C2 is found at …

Mitochondrial haplogroup D2 is primarily associated with Aleut and Pacific Yupik populations of the Arctic, representing a founding maternal lineage of the Eskimo-Aleut language fa…

Mitochondrial haplogroup D3 is an Arctic haplogroup primarily found among Inuit (Eskimo) populations of the Canadian Arctic, Greenland, and Alaska. D3 is one of the founding matern…

Mitochondrial haplogroup L0k is one of the deepest branching lineages within L0, the oldest known human mtDNA haplogroup. L0k is found almost exclusively among the Khoisan (San and…

Mitochondrial haplogroup L3c is an East African subclade of L3 found primarily in Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, and the Great Lakes region of East Africa. L3c is found at 2–6% frequenc…

Mitochondrial haplogroup L3h is an Ethiopian-specific subclade of L3 found primarily in the Horn of Africa, particularly in Ethiopia and neighboring regions. L3h is found at modera…

Mitochondrial haplogroup J1c3 is a European subclade of J1c that diversified during or after the Neolithic period in Europe. J1c3 is found at low frequencies (~0.5–2%) across Centr…

Mitochondrial haplogroup V3 is a subclade of V found primarily in the western Mediterranean, particularly in Sardinia, Iberia, and North Africa. V3 represents a western European co…

Mitochondrial haplogroup W3 is a subclade of W distributed across the Near East, South Asia, and parts of Europe. W3 is found at 1–4% frequencies in Iran, Pakistan, northwestern In…

Mitochondrial haplogroup X1 is the Near Eastern and North African subclade of haplogroup X, contrasting with the more famous X2 which has a trans-continental distribution. X1 is fo…

Mitochondrial haplogroup N2 is an ancient Near Eastern and South Asian branch of haplogroup N, one of the two major non-African mtDNA macrohaplogroups (alongside M). N2 is found at…

Mitochondrial haplogroup T1a1 is a subclade of T1a that includes one of the four Ashkenazi Jewish founding maternal lineages — making it one of the most studied haplogroups in the …