The Haplogroup Encyclopedia

E is the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup in Africa, found in over 80% of sub-Saharan African men. It split into two major branches: E1b1a, which is the characteristic haplogroup of West,…

C2 (C-M217) is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup in Mongolia and among Turkic and Mongolic peoples of Central and Northeast Asia. It represents a massive expansion of paternal linea…

Haplogroup C2b1a1-F3918, famously known as the 'Star Cluster', is a specific paternal lineage that underwent an unprecedented expansion across Eurasia during the 13th century. It i…

J2 is a Y-DNA haplogroup strongly associated with the Neolithic spread of agriculture from the Fertile Crescent into Europe, the Caucasus, and South Asia. It is found at high frequ…

Haplogroup O is the overwhelmingly dominant Y-DNA haplogroup in East and Southeast Asia, accounting for 60–80% of men in China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and the P…

R1a is one of the most widespread Y-DNA haplogroups in Eurasia, found at high frequencies across South Asia, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe. It is strongly associated with the ex…

R1b is the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe, reaching frequencies above 80% in Ireland, Wales, and parts of Spain. It arrived in Western Europe with the Bronze…

Haplogroup L is the root macrohaplogroup of all human mitochondrial DNA. Every living person traces their maternal line back to the L ancestor — mitochondrial Eve — who lived in su…

Haplogroup L0d is one of the most ancient surviving mtDNA lineages on Earth, found almost exclusively among the Khoisan peoples of Southern Africa — the San (Bushmen) and Khoekhoe …

Haplogroup D1b (M55), formerly classified as D2, is the defining Y-chromosome lineage of the ancient Jomon people of Japan — the pre-agricultural hunter-gatherers who inhabited the…

Haplogroup N1c1 (M46), also known as N-Tat after the Tat marker, is one of the most important Y-DNA haplogroups in Northern Eurasia, associated with Uralic-speaking peoples and Sib…